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Remote Pi gateways reboot at random: how does the Pi detect undervoltage, and can I get an alarm for it?

Remote Pi gateways reboot at random: how does the Pi detect undervoltage, and can I get an alarm for it?

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We have Pi 4 gateways in small pump kiosks, each reading a flow meter and two pressure transmitters and sending to Hermetry. Three of them reboot at random times, maybe once or twice a week, usually in the afternoon. No pattern in the logs except that kernel messages before the reboot sometimes mention undervoltage.

Two questions: how does the Pi actually know it isn’t getting enough power, there’s no ADC on the 5 V rail that I know of? And can I get that state into Hermetry so I get an alarm before the reboot, instead of finding out from a gap in the charts?

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On my desktop Pi a little lightning bolt shows up in the corner when the supply is bad, so it definitely knows somehow.

Ask me about 4–20 mA.
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There’s a voltage supervisor on the board that trips at roughly 4.63 V and the firmware latches it. You read it with vcgencmd get_throttled.

Timestamps in UTC or it didn't happen.
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Is that logged anywhere permanently, or only while it’s happening?

Still waiting for the gateway to reconnect.
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