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Which microcontroller for a battery-powered field sensor? It needs to last a year

Which microcontroller for a battery-powered field sensor? It needs to last a year

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Translated from Türkçe by AI ·

Hello, for my graduation project I’m building a box that measures soil moisture + temperature in a field. My advisor wants the data collected in Hermetry, and the department opened an organization account for me. Once the box is installed I don’t want to touch it again, I’m aiming for it to run at least a year on 2 AA batteries.
I have an ESP32 DevKit, an Arduino Nano, and an old XBee (Zigbee) module my advisor gave me. I tried deep sleep on the ESP32 and saw 9-10 mA in sleep on the multimeter, which I guess won’t get anywhere near a year. Honestly I don’t fully know how to do the calculation either.
Which microcontroller should be chosen for a job like this? I wrote zigbee in the tag, but I’m not sure I’ll be using it.

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Translated from Türkçe by AI ·

The ESP32 should actually be at microamp level in deep sleep, the 10 mA may be coming from the USB chip and LED on the DevKit board. Measure again with the bare module.

Ağ geçidi yine bağlanıyor…
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Translated from Türkçe by AI ·

That may be right, I was measuring the DevKit itself. But there is another problem: the field is about 2 km from the faculty building, and there is no Wi-Fi there. I should have said that at the start, sorry about that.

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Translated from Türkçe by AI ·

At 2 km Zigbee won’t work then, it struggles to cover even a few hundred meters in open areas. You’d need a repeater in between, and the battery will be a headache too.

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Translated from Türkçe by AI ·

How often do you need to send a measurement? The calculation depends entirely on that.

Modbus sadece register'dır, ta ki olmayana kadar.
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Translated from Türkçe by AI ·

Every 15 minutes is enough. My supervisor said even hourly measurement would be fine.

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Translated from Türkçe by AI ·

Last year I built almost the same thing in a vineyard. 2 km, no Wi-Fi, one measurement every 15 minutes; if it were me I would do it with LoRaWAN. You also have to choose the microcontroller together with the radio.The one I used was the RAK3172 module (it contains an STM32WL, the LoRa radio is on the same chip). In sleep it draws around 2-3 µA, and transmitting takes a few hundred milliseconds. With a small packet every 15 minutes, 2xAA comfortably lasts a year, especially if you power the sensor through a MOSFET only at the moment of measurement. I would not recommend the ESP32 for this job, because connecting to Wi-Fi alone drains the battery.On the Hermetry side: they have their own LoRaWAN network server, the frequency plan comes from the gateway (in Turkey you get an EU868 gateway and sensor), you add the device with OTAA, and Class A is enough. The only requirement is a LoRaWAN gateway that sees the area (a gateway that supports Basics Station, or a licensed router). If one is mounted on the faculty roof, 2 km is no problem. For a start, this page is good: İlk LoRaWAN sensörünüzü bağlayın.

Accepted solution♥ 1

Translated from Türkçe by AI ·

Thank you so much, teacher. I asked the teacher, and there is already a LoRaWAN gateway on the department’s roof, nobody told me 🙂 I ordered a RAK3172, and when it arrives I’ll add it with OTAA and write back. I’ll keep the ESP32 on the bench for testing.

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Translated from Türkçe by AI ·

A note: make the soil moisture sensor capacitive; resistive ones corrode out in the field within a few months. That’s what happened in our field.

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